Internal Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Internal Control - Case Study Example This paper will cover internal control requirements for a company, which decides to go public. The second concern to be addressed will be advice on the right things the company is doing and recommendation on a pending decision. Finally, the paper will address the things that the company is doing wrong and recommend ways of improvement. The action of taking a company public is considered as one of utmost importance. Remarkably, such an action has to be taken by the Chief Financial Officer in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer and the board. Going public comes with its own challenges and changes to the enterprise. The internal control requirements for LJB Company will change considerably with the decision to go public. As a small enterprise or a local distributor, senior management is involved in multiple responsibilities, which changes once the company goes public. One of the new internal controls will be separation/segregation of duties or assertions categorization (Whittington & Pany et al., 2004). Financial activity will have to be divided on clear boundaries to avoid overlapping duties. A single person will separate authorization of transactions, record keeping, and custody roles to prevent error or fraud. Another new control requirement will be the performance of internal audits verified by external auditors as stipulated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This is under the principle of independent review. LJB Company has an accountant, which is good for financial aspects of internal control. The accountant is tasked with retention of records by maintaining documents to substantiate transactions, which is being done at LJB as well. The accountant is also rightfully tasked with the duty of receiving checks and completing the monthly bank reconciliation. It would be advisable to buy the indelible ink machine to keep track of the pre-numbered invoices. This will result in accuracy in terms of the principle of record keeping. Numbering

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay It provides software-led IT solutions, remote infrastructure management and BPO services, focused mainly on transformational outsourcing. The company leverages its extensive offshore infrastructure and global network of offices in 31 countries to deliver solutions across selected verticals including financial services, retail and consumer, life sciences, aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, telecom, media publishing and entertainment. HCL takes pride in its philosophy of â€Å"Employees First, Customers Second† which empowers their 84,403 employees to create a real value for the customers. HCL Technologies, along with its subsidiaries, had consolidated revenues of US$ 4. 5 billion, as on 31st March 2013. HCL Leadership team 2. Objectives of Study Development of industries depends on several factors such as financial, personnel, technology, quality of product and marketing. Financial aspects assume a significant role in determining the growth of industries. All the company’s operations virtually affect its need for cash. Most of these data covering operations area are however outside the direct responsibility of the financial executives. The firm whose present operations are inherently difficult should try to makes its financial analysis to enable its management to stay on top of its working position. In this context I am undertaking financial ratio analysis of HCL Technologies to examine and understand financial performance of the company. Using ratio analysis this project will provide the insights of – * The growth and development of HCL Technologies for last 5 years (FY 08-12) * The behavior of liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies * The factors determining the liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies Scope The scope of the study is limited to financial data published in the annual reports of the company every year. The analysis is done to suggest possible solutions for financial growth of the organization. This study is carried out for 5 years (2008-2012). Also data provided by external agencies are used for analysis of future predication. 3. Concept of Financial Statement amp; Ratio Analysis 2 3. 2 Financial Statement To understand the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the strength or weaknesses of the organization, to make forecast about future prospects and thereby enabling the management and external parties to take different decisions regarding the operations. Fundamental analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general (qualitative) factors of the company. The other side considers tangible and measurable factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the financial statements if used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis can produce excellent results. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the method or process by which relationship/group of items in the financial statement are computed, determined and presented. Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the financial health and profitability of business enterprises. Ratio analysis can be used both in trend and static analysis. Purpose of several ratios depends on the objective of analysis. A financial ratio measures a company’s performance in a specific area. For example, you could use a ratio of a company’s debt to its equity to measure a company’s gearing. By comparing the gearing ratios of two companies, you can determine which company uses greater debt per equity. You can use this information to make a judgment as to which company is better investment risk. However, you must be careful not to place too much importance on one ratio. You obtain better indication of the direction in which a company is moving when several ratios are taken as a group. Ratios are worked out to analyze the following aspects of an enterprise: a. Solvency: i. Long term ii. Short term iii. Immediate b. Profitability c. Operational Efficiency d. Credit standing e. Effective utilization of resources f. Investment Analysis 3. 4 Significance of Ratio Analysis in Financial Statement Ratio analysis is very important in revealing the financial position and soundness of the business so used by various parties * Management: The group that has the most interest in financial statement analysis is management. Management needs to discover quickly any area of mismanagement so that corrective action can be quickly taken. It mainly helps in: * Decision making: Ratio analysis helps in making decision from the information provided in these financial Statements. Financial forecasting and planning: Planning is looking ahead and the ratios calculated for a number of years a work as a guide for the future. * Communicating: The financial strength and weakness of a firm are communicated in a more easy and understandable manner using ratios. * Co-ordination: Better communication of efficiency and weakness of an enterprise result in better co-ordination in the enterprise * Control: The weaknesses are otherwise, if any, come to the knowledge of the managerial, which helps, in effective control of the business. * Investors or Shareholders Investors are interested in financial statements to evaluate current earnings and to predict future earnings. Financial statements influence greatly the price at which stock is bought and sold. * Lenders: Bankers before granting loans usually require that financial statements be submitted. Whether or not a loan is made depends heavily on a company’s financial condition and its prospects for the future. * Employees: Employees are mainly concerned about the profitability. Their salaries and increments are dependent on the profit made by the company. * Government:

Wave- book review :: essays research papers

A BOOK REVIEW of The Wave by Morton Rhue This story, based on a true incident that occurred in a high school in California, demonstrates how easily a group can lose its freedom without even realising it. It all began when their history teacher, Mr. Ben Ross, let them watch a movie on how the Nazis in World War 2 tortured the people who opposed them. To give them a clearer picture, he decided to them in the situation itself. He then introduced an organisation, The Wave, and its motto, â€Å"Strength through discipline, Strength through community and strength through action.† A salute was also introduced to make them feel like a unit, where everyone would be equal. This was most rewarding to their class’ loser, Robert Billings, as the other students often picked on him. As many as two hundred pupils in the school became part of it after Mr. Ross had encouraged his students to recruit more members. The sudden change from a bunch of unruly students to disciplined ones was remarkable. However, a Jewish boy was beaten up in school but Wave members for refusing to participate in its activities. This was followed by a letter by a junior student complaining of threats by his seniors, who were Wave members. Matters became more serious when Robert offered to be Mr. Ross’ bodyguard, and the school football team had incorporated the Wave to improve their team spirit and attitude. Despite their hard work, they still lost 42 to 6. These were printed in the school paper, ‘the Grapevine’, condemning the Wave as a dangerous and mindless movement that suppressed freedom of speech and thought and ran against everything the country was founded on. Mr. Ross finally decided to end this, after incessant persuasion from his wife and two of his students, ‘the Grapevine’ Editor-in-chief Laurie Saunders and her boyfriend David, an ex Wave member. Mr. Ross invited all the Wave members to a rally and gave a speech, at the same time, showing them the same movie the seniors had watched on their first History lesson. He reproached them by saying that they had turned their superiority over non-Wave members.

Sequel to The Cask Of Amontillado :: essays research papers

At precisely 10:30 A.M. I got a call from a Mr. Machiano saying while renovating a palazzo his men found the bones of a human. When I got to the scene one of his employees showed me to the bones. The clothes were still on the carcass. I asked Mr. Machiano how the body was discovered, "My men were knocking down the walls and one of them found a skeleton with its clothes on, and that’s when I called you." I asked whom he bought the palace from. "A man I would say in his early eighties, named Montresor." I then left to learn about this person.. I found out that he is living with a cousin right near his old home. I decided to stop by and ask him a few questions hoping he will remember or know something. After about an hour of getting "I do not know. What are you talking about? Please leave." I realized this was a waste of time and decided to go. Later that night while eating dinner I decided the next morning I would go back to the crime scene to check for clues. The next morning I called Mr. Machiano and asked him to meet me at the palazzo. As I approached the body I began to feel a little queasy from last night’s dinner but luckily I brought some herbal tea to help soothe my stomach. Anyway, I began to search the ground around the body hoping to find some clues. I noticed a gold bracelet on the ground near the body, and it read Montrsor. I decided to do a little more research on this man. I went to the station and asked the secretary to show me the file on any person missing for more than 20 years. The list only had about five people on it with a brief description. There was a man by the name of Fortunato on it who has been missing for about 50 years. He was last seen wearing a motley. I then put two and two together and after some investigation, I found out that the carcass was indeed Fortunato. Later that afternoon I decided to visit Mrs. Fortunato. She took the news pretty well, but I guess she had a feeling he was dead She said "The last time I saw him was fifty years ago during carnival season." I went back to Montresor’s house and told him that "Next to Fortunato’s body was a gold bracelet with your name on it." He still claimed to

Of Romeo and Juliet

anfernee simon According to Duff Brenna, â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature. † This is demonstrated in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men. Human beings are often driven by their emotions or passions. Sometimes their actions defy sound reason or judgment. However, due to the emotions that the individuals might be experiencing at that time, their initial response is usually impulsive.I agree Duff Brenna in her assessment of how characters in literature are motivated by their raging emotions and not by reason, common sense or wisdom. One cannot merely act upon how they feel, especially if those emotions are negatives. Negatives emotions, if acted upon, will lead to negative actions; whereas positive emotions will leads to positive actions. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, The Capulet’s and The Montegue’s hated each other’s families. The literary term I used to best describe the story is irony.The irony in the story was that the two families were feuding and the two cross lovers fell in love. The main character in the story that relates to my interpretation of the quote by Brenna is Romeo. Romeo was a teenaged Capulet. He was tall with dark brown eyes. Romeo killed other people and bought poison to kill his self afterwards. For an example, Tybalt was Juliet’s cousin. Romeo and Tybalt were never in agreement with anything. When Romeo tried to be nice to Tybalt, Tybalt got aggressive and attacked him. That behavior resulted in Romeo’s killing of Tybalt.There are many themes that are represented in the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The theme that I will focus on is idealism. The two main characters of this novel, George and Lennie, always dreamed on having a dream farm. Lennie loved to play with any animal that had soft hair. The story consisted of mice, rabbits and a dog. That dream that they had doesn’t get f ulfilled because George killed Lennie. George killed Lennie because Lennie had a mental disorder. It was George’s responsibility to take care of him. Lennie was just too much for George to handle, so George had no choice to kill him.Everybody in the story realized that the two men weren’t going anywhere in life. For an example, Crook expresses his doubt about the dream. Nobody ever gets into heaven and nobody gets any land. Crook is simply referring not only to literal ownership, but the dream of contentment about what these simple men fantasize. John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men revealed the dreams as well as the pains that these two men experienced in their lives. The actions of the characters in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men were motivated by their emotions and not by reason.Duff Brenna is accurate in her statement that â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature . † Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and George in Of Mice and Men both committed actions based upon the negative emotions that they were experiencing. Had they given much thought to the emotions that they were feeling; and had they applied sound reason, I am convinced that their actions would have been different and so would the overall stories of the books.

Free Essays on Video Games And Agressive Behavior

Entertainment and media affect our lives. What’s to say that video games do not have the same effect? There are many variables that show how a person will act and to what stimuli. Men and women are also very different in the way that they perceive things and respond to them. Playing violent video games compared to non-violent games, academic achievement, and the time spent playing the games are all factors relating to violent and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Video games have been around for years. When Atari first presented the games, the whole world was playing Pong and Pac-man. Even then, questions were raised about children playing such â€Å"violent† games such as Pac-man, going around chomping up little ghosts. 1993, the most popular video game was Mortal Kombat. Comparing Pac-man to Mortal Kombat is like comparing night and day. Now parents are begging their kids to play Pac-man! Unfortunately, violent games are much more dominant and a lot easier to find than non-violent games. There have been two studies in particular examining violent video game effects on variables. Study 1 found that real life violent video game play was positively related aggressive behavior and delinquency. The relation is even stronger for the males who are aggressive. In study 2, lab exposure to violent games increased aggressive thoughts and behavior. In both studies, men had more hostile views of the world than women did. The results of both studies are consistent and predict that overexposure will increase aggressive behavior both short term and long term. On April 20, 1999, two Columbian High School students attacked their school, murdering 13 and wounding 23 right before taking their own lives. Although there are a number of factors in why these boys did what they did, one possible factor is violent video games. They both enjoyed playing the bloody shooting game Doom and ended up acting it out in real life. T... Free Essays on Video Games And Agressive Behavior Free Essays on Video Games And Agressive Behavior Entertainment and media affect our lives. What’s to say that video games do not have the same effect? There are many variables that show how a person will act and to what stimuli. Men and women are also very different in the way that they perceive things and respond to them. Playing violent video games compared to non-violent games, academic achievement, and the time spent playing the games are all factors relating to violent and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Video games have been around for years. When Atari first presented the games, the whole world was playing Pong and Pac-man. Even then, questions were raised about children playing such â€Å"violent† games such as Pac-man, going around chomping up little ghosts. 1993, the most popular video game was Mortal Kombat. Comparing Pac-man to Mortal Kombat is like comparing night and day. Now parents are begging their kids to play Pac-man! Unfortunately, violent games are much more dominant and a lot easier to find than non-violent games. There have been two studies in particular examining violent video game effects on variables. Study 1 found that real life violent video game play was positively related aggressive behavior and delinquency. The relation is even stronger for the males who are aggressive. In study 2, lab exposure to violent games increased aggressive thoughts and behavior. In both studies, men had more hostile views of the world than women did. The results of both studies are consistent and predict that overexposure will increase aggressive behavior both short term and long term. On April 20, 1999, two Columbian High School students attacked their school, murdering 13 and wounding 23 right before taking their own lives. Although there are a number of factors in why these boys did what they did, one possible factor is violent video games. They both enjoyed playing the bloody shooting game Doom and ended up acting it out in real life. T...

The eNotes Blog Helen Fielding Working on New Bridget Jones Novel(v.g.)

Helen Fielding Working on New Bridget Jones Novel(v.g.) Everyones favourite singleton to be thrust into the brave new world of Twitterature. Its been thirteen long years since a new volume of Bridget Jones diary, with all its obsessive weight woes and love laments, has been unleashed upon the world. In that time, fanatics have had to content themselves with reading the series two books over and over again, to the point of having memorized them by rote. (Okay, maybe some of us are more fanatical than others.) But the agonizing wait is finally over: Helen Fielding has confirmed that she is working on a new Bridget Jones novel to be released late next year. Hurrah! And one of the most interesting tidbits to come out of Fieldings announcement is how her writing and Bridgets life will be thrust into the world of 2012. Instead of beginning the day with her routine account of weight, alcohol units drunk, calories consumed, and 1471 calls made, Bridgets diary entries will begin with a tweet. Says Fielding, Its more like number of Twitter followers: 0. Still no followers. Still no followers.' Perhaps Fielding will take it a step further. What if Bridgets diary was not on paper at all? What if she has discovered the world of blogging, even tumblr, or instagram? Not only does the new medium give Fielding lots to play with, it gives Bridget an infinite number of worries to obsess over, like the number of visitors she has on her online dating profile, or her mothers permeating presence on Facebook. Worries that make her just like the rest of us, regretful though we are to admit it. In the age of social networks and text messages, Bridget has the power of instant drunken replies.Oof, tumbled over. As for the story at the heart of the work, its a mystery as to whether the perennial men of Bridgets life, sensible Mark Darcy and reprehensible Daniel Cleaver, will be making an appearance. Some characters remain and some may have disappeared, Fielding said. Theyll still be presences in the book. Like all of us you keep your friends, people stay in your life, but everyones life moves on. What? Possibly no Darcy and Cleaver? But what will have become of Bridget? If she is to have aged in real time, that would put her in her late 40s to early 50s. Is she the tragic spinster retread she always feared shed be, the threat of being half eaten by alsatians looming? Or the lonely single mother of a pair of troublesome teenagers? Fielding isnt giving away much information. She has grownup. My life has moved on and hers will move on too. Shes still trying to give up [drinking and smoking], shes still on a diet. Shes trying a bit harder, and is a bit more successful, but shes never really going to change. Phew. Now all one has to worry about awaiting this twitterature-influenced Bridget Jones episode is avoiding eating the entire contents of ones fridge. Non v.g.

Analysis of Antigone 1 Essay Example

Analysis of Antigone 1 Essay Example Analysis of Antigone 1 Essay Analysis of Antigone 1 Essay Essay Topic: Antigone Background Information on Antigone by Sophocles Before reading Antigone by Sophocles, discover some background information on the play, the author, and the time. In about 150-200 words compile that information and submit it in the submission window below. Learning some background information will help you understand the play. Look for information that will pertinent in understanding Greek Tragedy. Make sure you use your own words, quote when necessary, and include in-text citations. Keep the bibliographical information for inclusion on your works cited page if you choose to use any of this information in your final essay. This assignment will not be accepted after the due date and time. Antigone by Sophocles Final Project Instructions: You will complete a final project utilizing Sophocles’ Antigone. There are two parts to the final project. Part1: Complete a 500-750 word analysis of Antigone. In order to generate ideas for your essay, you should use the checklist located on pages 443 and 444 of your textbook. You will utilize two sources one must be an academic source located in the Broward College Database and the other source can be of your choosing as long as the source is credible. Part 2: You will view either one of the theatrical productions of Antigone and complete a 500-750 word evaluation of the performance (links are located on Blackboard). Review the information on pages 444-449 to help you complete the evaluation. You will need to identify which version you have evaluated and include the theatrical information on your works cited page. You will then put the two parts together and submit it as one complete project. You will utilize MLA in-text citations and works cited page to document information you have borrowed for this essay. Remember, you are completing an analysis not a summary. Requirements:  · 1,000- 1,500 Words Total  · Incorporate information from 2 secondary sources and lines from Antigone  · Review Appendix B â€Å"Documentation: Internal Parenthetical Citations and a List of (MLA Format)† starting on page 1366 in Literature for Composition

The Impact of Media Technologies on Child Development and Wellbeing Assignment

The Impact of Media Technologies on Child Development and Wellbeing - Assignment Example The impact of technology and the media on the growth and development of children remains philosophical. This explains why physicians and the rest of the society largely need to evaluate the exposure of children to the media. In the process, parents also need to offer regulation on the right age for children to use the media among them a radio, television, music, the internet, and video games. This paper aims at exploring both harmful and beneficial influences of technology and the media on the physical and mental health of children. Apart from other members of the society, the discourse identifies various ways through which physicians can counsel families and families with the aim of enhancing the appropriate use of the media and technology by children in their environments. The developments in the media sector come from the developments in the information and communication technology. Video, television, games, mobile phones, and music, as well as the internet, continue to bring substantial changes experienced by children in the present society. In most cases, the changes find parents and guardians in addition to the society largely unprepared to handle the challenges accompanying the use of media technology (Bernard-Bonnin, 1991, p. 50). In the end, parents do not comprehend various ways and levels of regulating the use of the media by the children. Today, substantial evidence from health practitioners proofs the effects of the media on the health of children. Research across many countries including Australia and Canada shows that families prefer what media technologies provide. Educational programs offered by the media contribute a lot to the improvement of academic abilities and knowledge of children. This starts early and physicians encourage paren ts and guardians to introduce them to their children while they are young. Choosing programs for children makes a big difference to the knowledge and skills of children when they start schooling.

Research the discussions of whether or not Beowulf is a Christian or Essay

Research the discussions of whether or not Beowulf is a Christian or pagan poem and explain how modern audiences should understand it - Essay Example In many ways, it was an inspired approach, and Christianity’s evangelical methods helped the religion seep across the West and take firm root among its people. Still, the marriage of Christian virtues and local tradition was not always a natural one, and Beowulf is one of the best examples of this battle between old and new ethics. Though Beowulf is considered the first Christian epic by many literary historians, one can also argue that Beowulf is the last stand of pagan faith in the North – a cautionary tale about the repercussions of adopting Christian values over the ones that had served the Northern leaders well in pre-Christian times. In fact, Beowulf might be read as a battle, not just between the hero and the three monsters of the tale, but between the traditional Norse values and the new Christian ethos. Like Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus or I Samuel in the Old Testament, Beowulf feels anachronistic – much of its content could easily be lifted and reset as the plot for a modern action film. The critical events of Beowulf center on violence – like a good action movie, the violence is the point, and the rest of the narrative is wrapped around it in a fairly gratuitous bow. (This may be one reason critics like W.P. Ker have classified Beowulf as second-class literature despite its historic significance.) This emphasis on violence is one of the most salient examples of the conflict between Christian virtues and pagan values in Beowulf. As Thomas Prendergast points out, Beowulf’s ostensible rejection of violence – an adoption of Christian pacifist values – it belied by the relish with which the poem describes the violence it contains: â€Å"For even as the work’s narrator cautions against the idolatrous seductions of violence, the work u nfolds as an idolatrous memorialization of the pleasures of violence—a pleasure compulsively repeated in

The Decision Making Process of Property Crime Offenders Research Proposal

The Decision Making Process of Property Crime Offenders - Research Proposal Example All social behaviors occur through a process of decision making, so does criminality. As seen earlier on the decision-making process is cognitive, and as odd as it may seem even criminal offenders go through the process of decision making. It is  a continuous process based on an individual’s interaction with the environment that ends when an acceptable or suitable solution is reached. The main motivation of criminology is the avoidance of pain and pursuit of pleasure. Property crimes have a greater percentage of all crimes that happen. If there is an intention to commit a crime, this is burglary. If none such breaking and entering into a place alone called illegal trespass of property. (Nee.C, 2003) Academic and policy-driven interest in situational crime prevention has stimulated a variety of offenses-specific research from the 1980s onwards. This has resulted in considerable development in both ‘grounded’ methodological approaches and our understanding of the burglar’s behavior and decision-making during the criminal event (Nee, 2003). It is of great importance to master the psychology of the person who commits the crime. Find out why, how and for what reason. It is also important to find out the various phases that the criminal offender goes through during different stages of the offense.

Causes of Vietnam War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Causes of Vietnam War - Research Paper Example The aforementioned events included the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Berlin Blockade  from 1948 to 1949, the  Korean War that lasted for more than three years, the  Berlin Crisis in the year 1961, the  Vietnam War that continued for almost twenty five years, the  Cuban Missile Crisis, the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet forces  (1979–1989), and the  Able Archer  NATO exercises in November 1983† (Major Events of the Cold War n.d.)3. In the early 10th Century A.D, during the Tang Dynasty in ancient China, the dynasty’s economy and military’s gradient started to fall and over the time it weakened to such an extent that the Vietnamese population of the Red River Delta, an area invaded by the Chinese back in 100 BC, rebelled against their Chinese rulers and set up a traditional, native dynasty in the northern conurbation of Hanoi. Later in 1462, the emperor Le Loi got rid of all the remaining Chinese warlords in the region. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Mekong River delta got populated as the aforementioned Vietnamese population moved southwards. ... ld, as it was â€Å"close to the South China Sea and countries such as India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and southern China† (Meehan n.d.)4. Taking advantage of the vital geographically strategic position of Vietnam, the Portuguese made their entry into the country in the 16th century, followed by the French and the Dutch, however, after continuous fights over power and control, the French established Vietnam as their colony and gained control of the country. The French ruled Vietnam from the year 1887 to 1954. Vietnam was considered a major addition to the French Indochina Empire, however, the sixty seven year old rule of the French over Vietnam was considered as one of the harshest and the crudest times in the history. The French governance dripped of nepotism, discrimination – of all sorts and Vietnam was considered as a personal golden egg laying hen for the French, which was exploited for personal gains and benefits but was not paid back and credited, what it deserved. The production and sale of alcohol and salt was put under the statutory control of the government, which meant that it could not be sold or produced privately. This resulted in an economic outrage amongst the trader fraternity, which continued for years. Rice was exported from the French-owned plantations only, while many Vietnamese locals did not have enough to eat. The French imposed strict sanctions on the labor as well. The labor rights were violated and workers were imprisoned if they attempted at leaving their jobs. The majority of the laborers imprisoned were either mine workers or the ones who worked as farmers in the rubber plantations. Under the subject of economics, the government took no measures to control the inflation, yet multiplied the taxes. The

Role of religion in Paleolithic era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of religion in Paleolithic era - Essay Example Religion defined the boundaries between the evil and the code. This means that every life revolved around religion as faith and a creed to the universe. This paper analyses the context of religion in the Paleolithic period citing specific examples. As a discussion platform, the paper will also explain the function of religion in the same regime. Religion defined the impressive accomplishment in the Paleolithic era. This elaborated the origin and existence to life with a detailed coverage of the creator of the universe. The context also highlighted expectations within the societal setting for every mankind (Judge & Langdon, 211). The belief of human existence allocated specific mandates and roles for a given community. Religion defined the existence of mankind in the Paleolithic era as a lifestyle. The early population believed in devotion and sacrifice dedicating life to observing a given religion. Christianity as doctrine served as the cornerstone of family establishment. The moral teaching revolved around a religious aspect where the spiritual holiness depicted a given lifestyle. Religion also acted as a moral regulatory to influence and condemn behaviors (Judge & Langdon, 171). Religious leaders acted as mediators between the living and the spiritual world. The context of religion depicted a given direction for any society in the Paleolithic period. Religion defined individual endurance to achieve a higher divine calling in the Paleolithic period. The early nations obtained a spiritual calling from exercising true religious morals and behavior. The society respected the spiritual community that also acted as the higher rank of a community. A given communal decision relied on the outcome of the religious society and group. Religion acted as the moderate between parties. In the first instances, religion connected man and god, while in the second instance religion united different communal parties. The religion also served as a companion to the early

Causes of Vietnam War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Causes of Vietnam War - Research Paper Example The aforementioned events included the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Berlin Blockade  from 1948 to 1949, the  Korean War that lasted for more than three years, the  Berlin Crisis in the year 1961, the  Vietnam War that continued for almost twenty five years, the  Cuban Missile Crisis, the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet forces  (1979–1989), and the  Able Archer  NATO exercises in November 1983† (Major Events of the Cold War n.d.)3. In the early 10th Century A.D, during the Tang Dynasty in ancient China, the dynasty’s economy and military’s gradient started to fall and over the time it weakened to such an extent that the Vietnamese population of the Red River Delta, an area invaded by the Chinese back in 100 BC, rebelled against their Chinese rulers and set up a traditional, native dynasty in the northern conurbation of Hanoi. Later in 1462, the emperor Le Loi got rid of all the remaining Chinese warlords in the region. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Mekong River delta got populated as the aforementioned Vietnamese population moved southwards. ... ld, as it was â€Å"close to the South China Sea and countries such as India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and southern China† (Meehan n.d.)4. Taking advantage of the vital geographically strategic position of Vietnam, the Portuguese made their entry into the country in the 16th century, followed by the French and the Dutch, however, after continuous fights over power and control, the French established Vietnam as their colony and gained control of the country. The French ruled Vietnam from the year 1887 to 1954. Vietnam was considered a major addition to the French Indochina Empire, however, the sixty seven year old rule of the French over Vietnam was considered as one of the harshest and the crudest times in the history. The French governance dripped of nepotism, discrimination – of all sorts and Vietnam was considered as a personal golden egg laying hen for the French, which was exploited for personal gains and benefits but was not paid back and credited, what it deserved. The production and sale of alcohol and salt was put under the statutory control of the government, which meant that it could not be sold or produced privately. This resulted in an economic outrage amongst the trader fraternity, which continued for years. Rice was exported from the French-owned plantations only, while many Vietnamese locals did not have enough to eat. The French imposed strict sanctions on the labor as well. The labor rights were violated and workers were imprisoned if they attempted at leaving their jobs. The majority of the laborers imprisoned were either mine workers or the ones who worked as farmers in the rubber plantations. Under the subject of economics, the government took no measures to control the inflation, yet multiplied the taxes. The

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Health care marketing - Essay Example The quality of a product does not vary over the course of time. Whatever the quality of the product is, it remains what it was at the time the product was purchased. On the other hand, the quality of a service varies at different points in time e.g. an Internet service that shows high speed generally occasionally becomes slow. Since products are a one-time purchase, they have to be provided guarantee with unlike service, that is purchased just as much as and till the time it is paid for. Therefore, marketing a product requires the vendor to establish a guarantee period for it after which, no claims made by the customer would be entertained. Marketing a service requires the vendor to provide the guarantee till the time the service is delivered. Vendors have to be more careful while marketing a product because a customer who has bought the product once might never show up for a second buy if the quality was compromising whereas in the case of service, vendors can and actually do sometimes decline the quality of service temporarily because they know that they can upgrade it in case any claims are

Emergency Response in Franklin County Essay Example for Free

Emergency Response in Franklin County Essay The role of major health personnel in an emergency is to manage the safety and well being of the people in their community during and after a natural or man-made disaster. This is done by assessing the details of what occurred, what needs must be met and facilitating a team to organize information about the event and provide logistics as quickly as possible. This is seen in the simulation exercise for the â€Å"Disaster in Franklin County†. (Olson, Larsen, Scheller, Johnson, 2006) Roles are appointed in a chain of command format. It is ideal that all personnel have received some type of emergency management training, but even if not, skill sets must be assessed and duties assigned accordingly. An Incident Commander will be appointed and the Public Health Director assigns rolls that include finances, planning, logistics, public information liaison and operators. The Public Health Team will work closely and concurrently with other entities, such as the Fire Chief, Police Chief, Hazardous Materials Team, Public Works and EMS teams. The public health department is mostly concerned with the safety and logistics of sheltering victims and being sure that food and water provided is safe for consumption. The community health nurse is primarily concerned about the immediate welfare and safety of the public, including issues of safety in homes, sanitary food options and safe water availability. It is important to have press releases ready to go that are clear and informative, yet simple. Any public statement made by the nurse should be thoughtful and considerate, assuring the community that they are in good hands and that things are being taken care of by appropriate people and in a timely manner. Public Service Announcements (PSAs) are an opportunity to gain trust and respect and show competence and compassion. In the Franklin County scenario, the public health nurse is assigned to do door-to-door interviews in an area of town hit the hardest by flood damage. The nurse is assessing for personal safety, being certain that there are no medically fragile patients, home bound persons or persons with special needs. Without electricity, a patient that requires at home oxygen, nebulizers, chemo or dialysis will need to be assisted to a shelter. Families with infants must be comfortable with an abundance of supplies. Contamination risks from food spoilage must be made aware, and the nurse must assess if he or she believes that the family has the means to safely prepare meals and have access to clean water. Finally, the nurse assesses for structural safety and advises community members on whether or not they should consider relocating to a shelter. With the uncertainty of going door-to-door, a nurse must be prepared to assess needs that are out of their scope of practice. They must be prepared to offer resources that may be out of their area of expertise. Situations that occur may range greatly, such as difficulty with foreign language communication, to chemical spills in yards or improper use of a generator. In cases such as this, the actions of the community health nurse must be resourceful and know that he or she can call on other professionals to reach out where they needed. A family with chemical leakage from flooding may be guided to a shelter for their immediate safety and the community health nurse may follow up by asking an Environmental Director to assess the property, instead of offering wrong or false advice to the homeowner. Natural and man-made disasters not only put community members at a physical risk, but also at emotional risk, as situation arise as homes are destroyed, insurance issues arise, or being separated from loved ones. The public health nurse also needs to take action and be resourceful in providing appropriate referrals for mental health, including providing phone numbers, access to call or reach out, and to follow up and be sure that there is enough man-power to assist with answering phones or counseling people. Techniques that were used were active listening and repeating statements back, validating that their thoughts and fears are heard. Assurance was given that the situation was grave, but not hopeless. Encouragement was provided to make appropriate, yet difficult, decisions such as leaving one’s house and personal belongings in a time of crisis. In widespread disaster scenarios, that affect greater areas, such as Hurricane Katrina, not only are public nurses needed, but it is important that nursing personnel from hospitals and state health departments are involved. In times of crisis, all professionals need to be on the same page to avoid offering mixed messages or advise to the public. Basic training in emergency management should be provided for all health care professionals. Emergency communication must also be set in place, as with no electricity or land lines, there must be agreed upon and practiced means of communication between all emergency responders. In area with high incidences of particular storms, flooding or power outages, PSA’s can be prepared ahead of time and are ready to go during times of crisis with minor modifications. The community health nurse is an import piece of the emergency management team, and is a direct liaison between the public and the resources.

Cadbury Plc market environment

Cadbury Plc market environment An area where there is effective sale of goods and services Cadbury operates in about 60 countries like India, Australia, Canada, Middle East, Pacific countries with its headquarters in UK. Nature of business Cadbury has a strong name in the market for selling a variety of products in three different categories like chocolates, candy and gum. Chocolates- dairy milk, five star, time out, perk, munch etc. Pest-G analysis: This is an analysis in which political, social, economical and technological factors are taken into consideration when charting an organizations long term plans.  [2]   Political: Political decisions can be made by the Indian government like increasing the tax rate and this increase will lead to decrease in sales of the chocolate and therefore profits, this will also limit the opportunity for growth of the company. Government can also endure restrictions concerning the welfare of the society and the workers, and so if the government decides to legislate the functioning and disposal methods of Cadbury this could lead to huge losses. Since Cadbury is a chocolate factory, the government may highly be concerned about the health problems that Cadbury will cause and some more restrictions and rules could be made about the ingredients of Cadbury which could cause in change of the taste. Economical: Increase in interest rates due to some economical factors or phase such as recession, could lead to limiting the opportunity for Cadbury to undergo growing and expanding. In such recession if incomes get lower then, Cadbury will experience decrease in sales as customers priorities change. In the boom phase, expansion would be a lot easier, economy at the highest and sales are likely to increase. Social: The society perception has great effect on the functioning of the company; if alternative equal brands of chocolate appear then customers might switch brands. Increase in the health consciousness of the society could lead to major losses to Cadbury. Technological: Cadburys traditional way of processing chocolate might get affected by the introduction of new machines and techniques, causing them more money and being more automated, this change will also force Cadbury to pump in more money for the training of the staff in order to adapt to new machinery and techniques. The competition: Cadburys Competitors: Since Cadbury is one of the largest confectionary factories, it must face some competition from other chocolate brand. Cadburys main competitors are Nestle, Hersheys and Mars. But Cadburys large range of products open up new means of competitions. Cadbury unlike its competitors have a strong base in countries like the UK, Australia, republic of Ireland, India and etc. Sales and profit trend  [3]   Competition Cadbury plc (CBY)[27] Tootsie Roll Industries (TR)[28] Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory (RMCF)[29] Hershey Foods (HSY)[30] Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (WWY)[31] Imperial Sugar Company (IPSU)[32] Cosan Limited (CZZ)[33] Market Cap $Mil 16,960.00 1,310.00 57.80 7,500.00 21,100.00 186.88 2,640.00 Revenue $Mil 7,971.00 497.42 31.90 4,946.72 5,389.10 875.53 1,679.10 Gross Profit $Mil 3,927.00 186.67 13.70 1,631.97 2,853.85 104.95 487.80 Net Profit Margin % 5.11% 10.37% 15.56% 4.33% 11.73% 4.97% 20.83% Operating Margin % 9.89% 14.24% 24.83% 9.28% 17.87% 6.14% 13.87% Market Share  [4]  : it is the total percentage of the total market occupied by a company. Competition Cadbury plc (CBY) Mars Nestle (NSRGY) Wrigley (WWY) Hershey (HSY) Kraft Foods (KFT) Ferrero Global Confectionery Market 10.1% 8.9% 7.7% 5.5% 5.5% 4.3% 4.2% Chocolate 7.3% 14.7% 12.5% 8.3% 7.8% 6.8% Gum 27.0% 0.1% 34.5% 1.3% 0.1% Candy 7.4% 2.8% 2.9% 2.2% 2.7% 0.3% 1.5% 5C:UsersDanaDocumentsIMG_13112010_032130.png Target Markets: These are group of customers the company had aimed to put all efforts in supplying their need.  [6]   Most obvious target would be young kids Cadbury diversified its target audience to include old aged people along with adults Retailers and chocolate companies Link to text only version Opens in a new window The Company: Profits and sales trend: 7According to the latest press release in 2010, Cadbury experienced a substantial increase in the total revenue and sales as well as profits for this year. Moreover, it was mentioned that the revenue increased by 5% and the second half of growth increased by 6%. This progress was a consequence of the increase in all the three categories of Cadbury. The chocolate grew by 7%, the gums by 2% and candy by 5% Market share: Business sector: Cadbury happens to be a business to business. Cadbury lies in the confectionary sector. Revenue  [8]   http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTj9uax2uMb1mobjhHlGCTGjkCE_whg5aYrnesDV0shWj5JRJ_o http://store.businessmonitor.com/bigdb_data/fooddrink7_20100120.gif XI. The project focus: Cadbury sells a variety of products and in my project I will be focusing on dairy milk Cadbury chocolate. Dairy milk chocolate bar: Most common and preferred Cadbury chocolate brand worldwide. Ingredients  [9]  : Full Cream Milk, Sugar, Cocoa Mass, Cocoa Butter, Milk Solids, Vegetable Fat, Emulsifiers (Soya Lecithin, 476), Flavours. May contain traces of Nuts. Milk Chocolate contains Cocoa Solids 26%, Milk Solids 28%. Contains the logo glass and a half milk, purple color packaging. Lies in the chocolate category and country focus will be on Indian market. Cadbury can also merge with their suppliers in order to have two way benefits and avoid conflicts It can also start making their own cocoa and use of ingredients in order to save up money and import taxes. Threats: With health awareness increasing more day-by-day the production and sale of the chocolates will decrease Some regional laws depending on the country might ban some ingredients or certain type of chocolate which might cause bad publicity and loss in customers and retailers. Increased severe competition from other chocolate brands and using competitive pricing might cause reductions in the revenue and increase costs. The increase of quality control and regulations announced regarding the safety of the ingredients and side effects. The Company Marketing Strategy: XIII. Market Segmentation: this refers to dividing the target market into groups according to their needs and interests.  [10]   Each company when launching new products or brand would consider market segmentation. Demographic variables which implies to segmenting according to age, gender, income, marital status. In case of the age group Cadbury first targeted young children and eventually targeted the adults too. This helps in identifying the marketing mix and features that would attract that particular group. For income, it will help set the prices of the products that normal customers can afford. Segmenting according to lifestyles might help target people with certain habits, cuisines and fulfill their need of consumption of the products for example some people would go for the dark expensive chocolate due some certain traditions. Benefits that the product brings: some customers find it very sensible to buy a basic product that would just satisfy their need like Cadbury dairy milk. Occasions: this group of customers would only buy these chocolates on occasions such as Christmas, Halloween etc. known as seasonal buyers. (crà ¨me eggs, Easter eggs) Cadbury also considers the basic preferences for example having a dairy milk hazelnuts chocolate bar with a cup of tea or coffee. Considering habituation is also segmenting. XIV. Targeting: This term refers to considering a certain group of people to make them customers of the brand. Targeting changes with the change of product but basically for Cadbury target market is the whole population. XV. Positioning of Cadbury: When Cadbury entered the market, it was whole unique chocolate with the special recipe and packaging. Effective positioning of Cadbury took place when advertising succeeded and different varieties of chocolates started coming up. Its very important for company to have close relation to the customers which Cadbury was successful at doing and that the major factor that promoted the chocolate. XVI. Differentiation: Cadbury started off differently with its recipe of the dairy milk. Cadbury basically cannot be classified as chocolate since it doesnt have enough cocoa and so is called dairy milk. Cadbury dairy milk chocolate barC:UsersDanaDocumentsIMG_12112010_215635.png Cadbury was placed in between the differentiated leader and cost leader because its unique but at the same time keeping costs as minimum as possible. (using cost-effective methods)  [11]   Cadbury dairy milk chocolate barXVII. Growth strategy: these are tactics towards gaining prosperity.Boston Matrix Diagram Boston Matrix: it is a chart drawn to analyze the products as business units (product portfolio).  [12]   Ansoff matrix: its a chart drawn that allows marketers to grow business through existing markets/new product or new markets/new products.  [13]   Cadbury dairy milk chocolate barhttp://tutor2u.net/business/images/Ansoff%20Matrix%20w500.gif The Marketing Mix: XVIII. Product: Cadburys product being discussed here is the dairy milk bar. Cadbury dairy milk is known to have one and a half glass of cream milk in every 200 grams of dairy milk chocolate. Packaging of Cadbury: It has purple packaging as known It contains the logo which is the glass and a half milk It should be eye-catching specially if kids were targeted and highly classy if adults were targeted Easy and safe to open and use Should contain the ingredients and place of manufacture on the back Should come in various sizes Since its chocolate, thick packaging should be used in order to protect chocolate from heat and melting. Cadbury dairy milk chocolate bar  [14]  http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTT1RiQe7BpQDznBQU1H-JtPCKN25WIZRaXRuqL_ei6z809YE4c Product life cycle: The latter shows the stages the product undergoes from its development until its decline.  [15]   XIX. Price: -When launching a new chocolate, Cadbury should be considering the group of people targeted for this chocolate and based on that the pricing methods should be set. The price set should definitely cover the costs of the ingredients and the electricity for machines functioning and should also bring in revenue in order to be invested again. XXI. Promotion: The latter represents a link between the buyers and sellers where sellers use methods of promoting.  [16]   Cadbury was the first company to use visual advertising and is a leader in innovation. Promotion of Cadbury has been promoted through movie stars on the television, magazines and radios. Advertising strategy should be carefully chosen, it should be cost-effective and reachable to all around the world. Effective Advertising leads to attraction of customer to buy the chocolate, some advertisements even lead to brand loyality and prosperity. Another aspect of promotion is the sales hence sales refer to reduction in price and usually happen seasonally or on special occasion like Christmas. Sometimes promotion is held to get rid of the lying stocks.http://im.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/05sl8.jpg Evaluation of the Companys Strategies and Tactics: XXIII. Evaluation of the companys current position: What makes a good company? The answer to this question depends on every detail of the companys basic strategies to its profit. Cadbury has a strong presence in the confectionary market which I am aware of as customer. It has survived a long journey of ups and downs until date. Cadburys sales and profit have always been high, as well as its market share and the evidence can be seen below. Cadbury customers are very satisfied with the product, diversifications, advertising methods and distribution channels. XXIV. Evidence of the companys success:Image:CBY Revenue and Net Profit.jpg http://www.neurosoftware.ro/finance/wp-content/plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/6f75a_analystreport1-0216.gif A Global Business Cadbury Revenue Contribution By Region 2008 XXV. Prospects for future growth/success: Cadbury after all this experience still has a chance of more progress and an opportunity to diversify and entering niche markets It could develop more products like Cadbury biscuits and ice creams like other competitors. Conclusions: Cadbury is a well established company with about 7 operating units in 60 countries Cadbury has a very high market share in the chocolate market It is diversified and sells products in three different categories Appendix: Cash flow for Cadbury https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXt_R_bLr5HwgDOA5uHl_Sie_i82pWSKMJEWY8T3AgyRjuux5SiDbCRXqx3n-g6Y15iwTH8eAicRWwjJEUuJT0oMUVF7RstmzcX2siN4hRBCAjJar9xyYL_qWiIUq_GJ5Zuukqq4d08pA/s1600/EPS.jpg http://highway6.com/images/c0f8b151e2333b730555362330b6e3b7.png http://content.edgar-online.com/edgar_conv_img/2009/01/28/0001193125-09-012521_G35102G94X79.JPG

BRILLIANT MINDS :: Essays Papers

BRILLIANT MINDS Abstract Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were two of the great pioneers of in the study of Scientific Management. Two of there major writings were on Fatigue Study and Motion Study. Business scholars use many of their writings, today. Many of their results affect the work conditions in many companies. Brilliant Minds of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Frank Gilbreth was born on July 7, 1868 in Fairfield, Maine. Lillian Gilbreth was born on June 24, 1924 in Montclair, New Jersey. The Gilbreths' are considered two of the greatest American scholars in the field of scientific management. Many professional business managers use many of their writings. Many of their writings include The Psychology of Management, Fatigue Study, Motion Study for the Handicapped, Applied Motion Study, Motion Study, Primer of Scientific Management, Bricklaying System, and Concrete System. One of the great literary writings by the Gilbreths was the study of motion. Motion study is a means to permanent and practical waste elimination (Gilbreth, 1917). This work is aim to describe the work areas that motion study can be or is being applied and different methods to apply to the study. Finally, the result of the study. Motion study was mainly used in American Industry. The goal of this study was to eliminate unnecessary effort used in the industry to as low as possible. The improvement of a job task while increasing productivity was the result. The American industrial sector was used because it was expanding during this time and America needed to improve industrial techniques to remain competitive against other countries. Motion study analyzed every detailed in the operation to perform a particular task and determined the method which used the least amount of energy. An example of this research is the assembly of piece used in the production of the braider manufactured by the New England Butt Company (Gilberth 1917). After analysis using motion study there was a three hundred and fifty percent increase in production with no increase in worker fatigue (Gilbreth 1917). The analysis consisted of what is the unit of measure, the difference methods used, and devices needed. All three are needed to be in corporated to obtain a result. The use of chronocyclegraph motion devices was another method used in motion study. Chronocyclegraph devices were used in the study to formulate a precise scientific conclusion to an investigation. Clocks, temperature, and location devices was used during the study.

Guiliani vs Clinton :: essays papers

Guiliani vs Clinton The U.S. senate elections are right around the corner. All across the nation politicians from all parties are starting to lobby to gain support for various Senate seats. Who can run to be a Senator is outlined in the U.S. Constitution, which was written more than 200 years ago. The candidate must be over the age of 25 and must be a resident of the state he wishes to run for the Senate in. A promising candidate is Mayor Guliani. He has lived in New York most, if not all, of his life. During his 2 terms he has lowered the number of street vendors in Manhattan, has implemented stricter laws on cab drivers and increased fines for breaking certain laws; he has also decreased the sale and use of illegal fireworks by more than 95%. These are just a few of his accomplishments that have contributed to a safer and happier NYC. A "candidate" that is not as appropriate for the job of NY Senator is the First Lady, Hilary Clinton. She has lived in NY for only the past few days and has only one child that goes to college in California. During her husband's political career, she has been a strong supporter of her husband politically and personally, at least in the public’s eye. Over the past year rumors have spread of Hilary beginning an active political career, with her husband's winding to an end. During the past year the rumors have been more or less confirmed with Hilary buying a house in NY and her sudden "love" for the Yankees. Guliani's response has been to visit Hilary's former home, Arkansas, and gaining the support of its governor, who happens to be of an opposing party. The only benefit of this tactic was to mock Hilary's sudden conversions. Hilary can and probably will run for the Senate.

Pros And Cons Of Driverless Cars Essay

Driver-less – or ‘autonomous’ – cars are cars which can drive themselves. They operate using sensors, GPS and real-time information, so rely on the internet, and in doing so are part of ‘The Internet of Objects’. The technology used in these cars is very advanced and could be hugely beneficial, though there are many pros and cons which must first be considered. A huge benefit that will come from introduction of driver-less cars would be the massive decrease in accidents. Most car accidents are caused by human error, and with the cars carefully monitoring all possible variables (via sensors), they would be a lot less safer and less likely to crash. This would mean less damage to surroundings, less damage to the car and less injuries. However, while this would decrease the amount of money spent by the government on fixing damages and the NHS on health care for the injured, mass introduction of autonomous cars would also lead to huge job losses. A lack of necessity for drivers would mean that cab drivers, lorry drivers, valets and many more would be unemployed and in a country where unemployment is already a rising issue, many people would take issue with any further mass loss of jobs. Technology for driver-less cars would also be expensive to produce and consequently expensive to buy, rendering them only affordable to large companies. If this was the case it would mean that many of their benefits would be less applicable because less people would have them. On the other hand, people with disabilities that disallowed them to drive would be interested in buying them. Visually impaired, people with impaired use of their feet or legs, or people with mental disabilities would all ordinarily find it hard to drive and may find it difficult to access public transport, so would benefit largely from owning a car which requires no help from the driver.  With driver-less cars people would no longer face the issue of having nowhere to park, or having to park far away from their destination. The passengers could be dropped off and the car could make it’s own way to a car park further away, and then return to pick them up later on. This does, however, present the issue of letting the cars drive without any human present inside the car.

Mcdonald’s Green Marketing Strategy

How McDonald’s Change Their Customer Perspective and Increase Their Sales with Green Marketing The green issue has became a global issue since year 1990s, peak in year 2000s. In business, it can drive people perspective to choose which brand was good or bad. McDonald’s probably is one of the company that realize this issue is very important for their business in this century. McDonald’s is the biggest fast food chain in the world with more than 32,000 outlets in 117 countries. The company has employed more than 1. 7 million people. Last year, they’ve made 1. 2 bn out from 6. 1 bn.For years, many critics came up against McDonald’s about how bad they treat world environment and questioning how far they care about people healths, especially on obesity. The most famous â€Å"attack† to this fast food company probably was a documentary film that tells a people who eat Mcdonald’s meals for a month would hasten his death. McDonald’s al so considered to have responbility of 28% waste package (littering) in UK. Public suggested the company to more persuade their customers not to do littering. And also, public critics McDonald’s happy meal which caused early obesity to child.Those critics had succeed to change people perspective, in year 2000, their income declined with some outlets shut as their new record. Started in 2000s, McDonald’s is fighting back, massively and quietly counter the critics with green marketing. It is not only to increase the company sales, but more important to change the way customers think about McDonald’s, their perspective. But how they do it? McDonald’s is not sustainable company from the beginning, they has core DNA to create delicious food, fatty foods, and sugary foods.They must be careful to take an action, the green strategy not only have to change customers willing to buy, but also it could reduce cost and generate more valuable profit. McDonald’s i s aiming to blow up their green with five criteria, there are nutrition and well-being, sustainable supply chain, environmental responbility, employee experience, and community. They started to create a new logo –switching their traditional red background with the deep green one- to promote a eco-friendlier image.McDonald’s has done a lot of things in order to prove their environmental responbility to their customers, especially by reduce the energy they used. In Germany, at less 100 McDonald’s restaurant would use the green logo by the end of year 2009. And also, some restaurant in Great Britain and France would too. They started to use eco-friendly package – 80 percent of their package was made of renewable resources-. They change white napkins with plain brown, which saves 1. 3 million dollars annualy, while reducing energy, woods and water use.In France, some restaurants has made an innovation to use eco-friendly sofware that can reduce electricity us age by 11%. In Sweden, they use CO2 detector in their restaurants to adjust ventilation, which is reduce the usage of electricity by 15% anually. Various anti-littering campaign is spread to many countries, such as Portugal, UK, France, Switzerland, Australia, and others countries. From their menu, they change a bit in the name of their customer health, they reduce French fries size, adding fruits to its food, bring more healthier salad, less sugar drinks and foods, even low fat foods.Moreover, in Germany, there are some restaurants that provide no burgers and sells salad at just 7 euros, they can choose 5 traditional salads and mix it. Another weapons is sells coffee –sustainbly grown coffee and organic milk- with brand McCafe, while they offering low-calorie foods in the other sides. This strategy was made a significant growth, in Germany there are currently 1386 reaturants with 737 integrated McCafe inside, encouraged by a worlwide revenues of 23. 5 billions dollars.They a lso made a contribution to the local communities, all supply of each restaurants is provided by the local farmers in that city, except their global sponsor drinks, Coca-Cola. They also prove that they care about woman livings, 28. 1% of worldwide top management (VP and Ups) are women, while 50% Company Owned Restaurant Managers are women too. The last but not least, more than 30 countries recognises McDonald’s as great place to work. All of green things above was successfully delivered to customers by various medias, it proved by the increasing growth 13% sales in year 2011 from year 2008.And also, the legendary Big Mac sales rose 10 percent last year, helping keep the company stock price to nearly $100 a share. In the other hand, the advertising budget has been estimated to exceed $2 billion. It shows that McDonald’s has successfully came back to winning by counter critics with the right strategic green marketing. They do the strategy without change the â€Å"fastfoo d† image, but they do with showing their will and contribution to the environment. Finally, it can change human perspective and willing to buy with the increasing sales as the success parameter.Sources Birkner, Christine. 2012. McDonald’s Scores Itself on Sustainability: Will Consumers Be ‘Lovin’ It’?. http://www. marketingpower. com/ResourceLibrary/Documents/newsletters/mne/2012/1/mne_mcdonalds_sustainability. pdf. September 3rd 2012. O Brien, Keith. 2012. How McDonald’s Came Back Bigger Than Ever. http://www. nytimes. com/2012/05/06/magazine/how-mcdonalds-came-back-bigger-than-ever. html? _r=1pagewanted=all&&pagewanted=all. September 3rd 2012 Environmental Leader. 2012.McDonald’s Counters Criticism With Green Marketing Effort. http://www. environmentalleader. com/2009/05/19/mcdonalds-serves-up-green-practices/. September 3rd 2012. Salisbury, Peter. 2011. Behind the Brand: McDonald’s. http://www. theecologist. org/green_green_li ving/behind_the_label/941743/behind_the_brand_mcdonalds. html. September 3rd 2012 Laura, Nerdy. 2011. McDonald’s going green – I’m lovin’ it. †¦?. http://businessnerds. wordpress. com/2011/05/29/mcdonald%E2%80%99s-going-green-%E2%80%93-i%E2%80%99m-lovin%E2%80%99-it/. September 3rd 2012.

WAS THE UNITED STATES FOUNDED ON CHRISTIAN PRINCIPLES Essay

WAS THE UNITED STATES FOUNDED ON CHRISTIAN PRINCIPLES - Essay Example the Pope. To avoid this very friction, the US constitution framed by Jefferson clearly demarcates between the State and the Church and again reaffirms it in the Bill of Rights. This article tries to shed some light on the issue, from the perspective of certain recent articles and other historical facts, and tries to explore the principles behind the formation of US Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The article will also take a stand and will try to prove that US Constitution was not formed on Christian principles, but were solely based on the principles of fraternity, equality and justice for all. It is interesting to note that the people with opposing views on the subject of separation of Church and State have cited Thomas Jefferson in their arguments. The main reason behind this is the fact that Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the US constitution formed in 1787. It is observed by the religious groups that Jefferson was an observant person and regularly attended church services during his tenure as the president. However, what many of the religious groups fail to say is that, he also, as Jewett aptly observes, â€Å"expressed contempt for any organized religion. And, saw as an anathema, any governmental control on religious thought† (Jewett, Jefferson and Religion). Jefferson was a follower of the Enlightenment theories of that age and thus believed in secularism, freedom and humanism. He was deeply influenced by the ethical theories of Stoicism and Epicures. Jesus, according to Jefferson, was a teacher in morality and his moral views were necessary to br ing freedom, happiness and to govern the society well. His god was a ‘god of reason’ who, he believed, established the laws on which nature functioned. Jefferson believed that one’s religious practice was of a personal nature which no state should try to control. This is evident in one of his letters which says â€Å"you must lay aside prejudices on both sides, and neither believe nor reject

Research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research methods - Assignment Example The USASuperCars signed a new contract, which would allow it to sell its batch of 27 luxury cars to various customers around the globe, primarily in the UK, Japan, Canada, South Africa and the USA. The contract states that the selling price of the products are fixed and in local currencies at the exchange rates at the time of the delivery. In the real economic world set up, the exchange rate is marked with high level of precariousness. Therefore, one, particularly a businessman, cannot simply overlook the idea about the linked benefits and risks to the stated contract. In this event, the HSBC offered to pay a sure sum of $2,150,000 in return for revenue in local currencies. It is at this point that the work at hand seeks to come up with a decision whether to accept or reject the offer by weighing up the associated benefits and risks. In addition, in the event that the HSBC’s offer is accepted, finding for which payment schedule is better based on the point of view of USASuperC ars and HSBC, searching for other potential risks HSBC will be exposed to, and finally understanding the measures that can be taken in order to at least minimize the exchange rate risk beyond converting all currencies into dollars. Profit analysis for USASuperCars is vital for this case, prior to deciding which payment option is necessary provided that the offer of HSBC is accepted. Recommendations are provided, which are associated with HSBC’s offer. The justification behind the profit analysis is based on the information of the worldwide order, the quantity and the selling price of luxury cars in the local currencies. To ensure the information about exchange rate is properly considered, the mean and standard deviation rate for converting each currency into dollars are included based on the historical data. Based on the assumption that the rates are normally distributed and independent with each other, the profit has the assumption that it is normally distributed as well. As

Eco Fashion Trend Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Eco Fashion Trend - Research Paper Example The essay "Eco Fashion Trend" concerns the eco fashion. Brands and designers are focusing on reducing their carbon footprint by manufacturing products in a manner that is environmentally friendly and employs socially responsible techniques in the production process. Post recession, consumers of late have been focusing on vitalities, like their health and reconnecting with nature. Global catastrophes like Hurricanes and Tsunamis have further strengthened this â€Å"green† trend. The current study aims to bring out the essence of being socially responsible for organizations who share a major responsibility towards its customers and the economy. Not only the consumers, even the job seekers are looking out for organizations that adopt ethical means of business and display social responsibility to some extent in their business practices. Marks & Spencer is one such organization that prefers to go with the flow, but this study aims to explore the hidden areas that still remain untap ped by the firm inspite of putting up a rigorous effort in adapting to the needed eco changes in work culture. Marks and Spencer has for long met the need of its consumers through fashionable yet affordable clothing. It is a retail giant with massive global operations and manufacturing bases in countries like Bangladesh, India, China, etc. With stringent environment laws and greater awareness in the general public about manufacturing practices, it is an imperative need to lay emphasis on â€Å"Eco-Fashion†. The twin challenges are to create apparel.... Buzz words associated with â€Å"Eco-fashion† are organic, ethically manufactured, sustainable, eco-friendly, Fair trade, reusable, recyclable, etc. Although fashion and environmental concerns appear to be at loggerheads as the former implies products with a short life span whilst the other lays stress on reusability, sustainability and durability, yet the pointers towards sustainable fashion are too strong to ignore (Berry B, 2007). The rapidly growing size of the organic market presents an interesting opportunity for Marks and Spencer. Fashion magazines like Vogue, Elle and Vanity Fair have carried eco-fashion articles to support and underline this trend and the commercial appeal it present. Marks and Spencer already supports the fair trade practices and has launched organic clothing lines (Bayani M O, 2010). Even, mass retailers like Wal-Mart have joined the bandwagon by introducing such collections albeit on a smaller scale. On the whole, fashion retailers have as of now f ailed to cash in or eco-consumerism. The quest to achieve environmental, social as well as commercial obligations is a very tricky one. The fashion industry as a whole has been focused on the manufacturing and supply side rather than on the consumer’s side. This presents a tremendous opportunity to M & S as it entails making fashionable and affordable products using environmental friendly materials and techniques as well as championing the social cause. There are various factors that support this proposed strategy, U Stringent environment laws U Reduction in carbon footprint U Championing the cause of social responsibility U Greater consumer awareness U Means to achieve

A case study,plan the use of cash in a business and discuss the Assignment

A case study,plan the use of cash in a business and discuss the financial aspects of assessing managerial performance - Assignment Example The ABC costing process helps in the most beneficial allocation of resources on profit bearing products, departments and activities and reducing the costs associated with non-profitable products, services or activities. The Activity Based Costing (ABC) method is an extremely advanced costing method that helps to increase the profitability of an organization through the identification of the unnecessary costs that can be eliminated to lower the overall production costs of the organization. The Activity Based Costing (ABC) method is being considered by the case company i.e. Berry Ltd. Berry Ltd. has been using the traditional absorption costing method as the main costing technique for the company. The company manufactures three main products and the costs and resources of each of the products are allocated through the use of the absorption costing process. Absorption costing is a managerial costing method in which the expensing of the costs of all the products manufactured in the company are allocated through the consideration of both the total overheard cost and the total direct costs associated with the manufacture of each of the products. As per the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), absorption costing is the preferred method of costing used by the companies for the purpose of external reporting (Clyde, Brown and Whalen 2006). The management of Berry Ltd is considering the adoption of the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method in the company in order to achieve better cost management and control in the company. According to both the Production Director and the Finance Director of Berry Ltd. the use of the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method is likely to improve the overall cost control of the company and thus, lead to increased profitability in the business. Since, lowering the operational costs is a major way of increasing the margins associated with the manufacture and subsequent

Management Accounting and Traditional System Appraisal Essay

Management Accounting and Traditional System Appraisal - Essay Example In reality, different drivers of factory overheads such as machine setups, special storage, unique inspections and special handling drive the cost. Thus, it is difficult to allocate cost to the diverse activities undertaken in meeting the diverse customer demands using a single activity of machine hours consumed. Similarly, containing all the costs incurred in undertaking the diverse activities in a single cost to allocate the costs by dividing with machine hours used in the production process is erroneous under the traditional system applied by the firm (Gediehn, 2010). The approach gives an average rate to be employed in the different products despite of the complexity and number of activities performed. This is a misleading approach to allocating the costs since the diverse customer specifications do not correlate (Gediehn, 2010). The use of a general average rate in allocating the overhead costs under the traditional management system misleads the management in determining the cost of the product per customer demand. The response that is derived from the results given under the traditional system has a high potential of being wrong due to the performance measures it generates (Bragg, 2013). Furthermore, the traditional system used by the firm has the potential of failing to motivate enviable behaviors. This is because it has the tendency of strengthening vertical controls and bureaucracy (Macintosh & Quattrone, 2009). The requirement for the staff to fill the time they spend in running the machine is a bureaucratic act that has the potential of attempting the staff members to inflate the hours to earn more salary. Thus, employees of the organization will not be motivated to act in the interest of the company. Similarly, the traditional system under use has the potential of causing the management to be disconnected from the strategic plan of the firm. This is because the managers will be obsessed in  achieving the correct numbers that can cause the strategic purpose of the budgeting process to be missed.

THE MASS MEDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE MASS MEDIA - Essay Example Creative enterprises, those engaged in the commercial exploitation of intellectual property-based goods and services imbued with symbolic meaning (i.e., books, film, music), contribute significantly to the economic, social and cultural development of nations. These enterprises form complex networks in content-driven sectors, which in turn make up the creative industries. Their unique characteristics (i.e., original symbolic products) drive and sustain diverse cultural and customary traditions, and enhance social values. At the same time, they generate wealth, increase employment opportunities, and promote trade. Yet, their true value and potential are often underestimated and insufficiently analyzed. Graphic design is a specific area of the creative industries. Graphic design can be defined as, "the art or profession of visual communication that combines images, words, and ideas to convey information to an audience. A graphic designer is responsible for arranging and using elements on different types of media (such as a poster, a package or a website), most likely with the use of a graphics software program such as Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop or InDesign. These elements include photos, illustrations, type, shapes, color, and texture" (Miller, 2008, pg. 1). Examples of graphic design can be found all around the world. They are most often seen in the form of advertisements, billboards, books, brochures, business cards, greeting cards, logos, magazines, newspapers, packaging, posters, signs, websites, and much more (Miller, 2008). Trends and technological advancements in the creative industries, specifically the field of graphic design, have brought along both advantages and disadvantages. One of the biggest advantages to technological advancements in the field is the fact that graphical art can now be displayed on the Internet. This provides a means for it to be viewed-and purchased-all throughout the world. Artists can create online portfolios that can be seen by anyone with Internet access. Images can also be sent in a split second. Gone are the days when graphical art must be printed out and physically distributed in order to be seen. Trends and technological advances in the field also have their disadvantages. One of the biggest disadvantages is that, due to the fact that virtually anyone can view images that are placed on the Internet, there is the potential for those individuals to steal the work of an artist and claim it as their own or use it illegally. Furthermore, that scenario is really easy for a person to do. Anyone with basic computer skills can copy or download an image that has not had protection against such acts put into place by the creator or his or her representative. Thankfully, there are ways that individuals can protect their graphical art designs. People in the United States are protected by intellectual property rights. According to DT & G: People are often confused about Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights. This confusion may result in a failure to consider the importance of these tools in business development. Yet, these intellectual property rights become more and more important as businesses move into high technology areas. Intellectual proper

Ebay Culture Essay Example for Free

Ebay Culture Essay What is organizational culture? This indefinable combination of values, beliefs, and practice that a corporation posses, which makes the difference between surviving and thriving, succeeding and failing. Most large corporations typically have a strong culture with values and norms appropriate to the organizational purpose. In a big organization, sub-cultures also exist, division to division, office to office. In this part of this group assignment I will describe the organizational culture of one of the most famous internet companies in the world, which is also the largest marketplace in the internet – EBay. Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as Corporate Culture. The dictionary defines culture as the act of developing intellectual and moral faculties, especially through education. This paper will use a slightly different definition of culture: the moral, social, and behavioral norms of an organization based on the beliefs, attitudes, and priorities of its internal community. Every organization has its own unique culture or value set. The culture of the organization is typically created unconsciously, based on the values of the top management or the founders of an organization. Organizational culture has been defined as â€Å"a pattern of basic assumptions, values, or beliefs and norms of behavior. According to O’Reilly, organizational culture defined as the values shared by members of an organization. These basic values may be thought of as internalized normative beliefs that can guide behavior inside an organization. If organizational culture is developed as an organization learns to deal with the dual problems of both external adaptation and internal integration, then values that enhance the organization’s capability in these two functions should be useful for it. To the extent that members of an organization share the same sets of values, thought processes, and languages, they will have similar mind-sets and behaviors as they integrate their efforts inside the organization and adapt to environmental changes. Research has documented a variety of outcomes that are related to organizational culture. For example, organizational culture has been found to relate to organization growth and organization performance. Other studies have shown that its effect can be observed directly at the individual level, in outcomes such as commitment, resource allocation decisions, retention, and perceived attractiveness of an organization. Given the dramatic changes in both the external environment and the internal structure of worldwide organizations, organizations that emphasize cultural values that relate to external adaptation and internal integration should be more effective than those that do not. The character of any corporation or an organization characterized by set of values and principles by which the founders and the upper management run the company from its creation when it’s really begin to become part of the DNA of the company. I believe that companies form culture very early on and they get imprinted very early on with a sense of right and wrong. And it starts from the top. It started with the CFO, the President, and CEO. According to Whitman, sis he had innate sense that they needed at EBay to establish very early on what the code of behavior was going to be, what the code of ethics would be. EBay’s internal company culture was very dominant and strong. Even though its culture had great influence of its member’s behavior, the culture encourages its members to feel more commitment. Employees were expected to be open and honest, to treat one another with respect, and to speak up if they believed they were not being treated in this manner. EBay functioned as being a nonhierarchical, democratic organization that encouraged ideas and feedback from all employees. The culture at eBay characterized as being open and low risk, where employees were encouraged to express their opinions despite their different points of view. Mistakes were acceptable, but employees were encouraged to truly learn from them. According to Whitman, unlike other companies where different views and opinions from the senior management were barely heard , at EBay they do not have â€Å"punishes† attitude, meaning that there is no penalty for being on the wrong side of an issue or changing your mind in the face of better information. If an employee`s point of view contradict with his/her colleague when you end up convinced to be wrong, the culture is to appreciate your opinion and at the same time to come with the approach of: â€Å"ok? hat’s smart. You’re right. Let’s move on. † In addition, As role models, senior managers had to act with a high degree of professionalism and respect. EBay does not encourage people who scream loud or pound the tables. At EBay, it’s pretty even-keeled culture. Sustaining its culture provide a better understanding of the strength of the culture. As EBay grew , in order to conserve the unique internal culture of the organization, EBay made sure it hires only individuals who fit with the culture of the organization. In order to emphasize the importance of its culture, EBay`s CEO Meg Whitman, met with new candidates and describe eBay’s values and to set expectations for how each employee would support and contribute to the company’s culture. According to EBay founder Pierre Omidyar, experience was not the only quality they were looking in potential applicants, but for someone who really understands the significance of its both internal and external communities and that person should express its most respect to these communities. Moreover, measuring the community and organization very often represents a major challenge in terms of being sure the values and culture of EBay are being communicated correctly. Therefore, on the organizational side, they had to be sure they were hiring quality employees who fit with the culture; they could not afford to let that slip. Even though most well establish cultures resist changes, EBay was able to accept changes within its upper management and the way it works. For example, when Whitman arrived EBay she tried to make some changes because she felt they were needed the way the company goes and in order to adapt to these new changes. An example would be her trying to set up these meetings, but no one had a calendar. According to Whitman, at EBay this was a culture where appointments were not needed because of its small size there were only 35 people at the company. So she laid out a calendar and asked people to sign up for appointments. She did not appreciate the feedback; the employees did not like the changes. What ended up happening was that the employees who had previously worked in big companies signed up for multiple meetings, and the people who had worked primarily in start-ups didn’t sign up at all. Furthermore, EBay`s culture was designed to mirror its external community culture. Very important element of EBay`s culture is a respect for its community. It goes far beyond â€Å"the customer is always right† because eBay wouldn’t exist if it weren’t for its community The meetings helped Whitman realize just how special the chemistry was between eBay’s internal and external communities. EBay’s internal culture mirrored many of the characteristics of its external community culture in tangible ways: they were empowered to develop recommendations, and the company employed a nonhierarchical, team-based approach to problem solving. According to Omidyar this configuration was so important: Internally, EBay had to share the same values as their community because they indirectly influence the community in everything they do. Everything EBay put on the Web site, every press release, every utterance to the press, every corporate action, every deal, every partnership that happens in any part of the organization eventually trickles down to the community. EBay rely on all of its executives and then their managers to continue to communicate the culture. The message should trickle down to the very last employee, so that everyone really understands what we’re about and what our values are. EBay also encourage its employees to call the upper management if we’re doing something that is not quite right. EBay empowered everyone to be a guardian of the culture everyone.

Girls becoming more involved in violent gang related activities

Girls becoming more involved in violent gang related activities In the past half century academic literature and research regarding female youth crime has vastly popularised. Previous to this, society and theorist treated young women and women as homogenous and treated youth crime as a way to describe male youth offending. However over the past half a century, theorist such as Frances Hiedensohn (1968) drew attention to a largely ignored field of human behaviour namely deviance and criminal women. In this essay question several key issues are going to be addressed. Firstly this essay will explore a historical context of female youth offenders (FYOs), this will prove significant, if we seek to answer the essay question we have to make the distinction between the numbers of female youth that previously were involved in violent and gang-related activities, and compare them to recent female youth involvement within the same field. Secondly this essay will explore the media aspect on the subject to deeply seek/find out if young women are becoming more involved within violent activities or media representations are the results of the recent claims, furthermore moral panic will be examined in this section and offer an insight into how that impacts young female offenders and the public perception that accompanies them. Thirdly the double standard of morality theory will be discussed and work drawn on from the Youth Justice board (YJB) and the issue surrounding the double standard of morality will be essential in answering the essay title. Finally in the conclusion the essay will ultimately address/answer the essay title and give a clear unanimous understanding of the involvement of young women in violence and gang-related activities. Along with the above a wide range of academic sources such as official research statistics, articles, web pages, journals and academic literature will be used to portray a clear understanding and support a clear organised framework. Throughout recent history work undertaken on violent and gang-related FYOs has been few and far between. However upon entering the 21st century a new emergence of young female gangs and a new phenomena regarding young female violence has been socially displayed as a major social problem in which a new generation of teen mothers, binge drinking girls and unemployed young women are to blame. Historically criminological theory has been dominated by males. Female deviance was seen as primarily one of sexual immorality and as such, a blight on the moral fabric of society rather than direct malice against one individual. In the criminological field, females have been relatively ignored up until recent times. In recent times a fair assumption to make regarding violent and gang-related FYOs, would be to assume a massive increase in the subject however looking back as far as the early 20th century, women were involved in violent and gang-related incidents. During the early 1900s, male theorists emerged trying to explain why young women committed crimes. These women were said to be tomboys who were trying to assume a male role (Trasher, 1927:41), suffered from penis envy (Freud, 1924:12), and even that they were deceitful to overcome such things as their lack of a penis, menstruating, and their wanting to be stronger (Pollak, 1950:27). Leading on from this, starting in the 1960s rates in female violence and crime increased. Women were found to participate in more violent acts almost becoming more like men (Simon, 1975). The House of Commons 1999 research paper revealed By 1971 women numbered only 3% of the total prison population. The proportion of women prisoners has risen slightly since the 1970s; in 1998 5% of all prisoners were female (House of Commons 1999:15). As these findings show, numbers of female offenders has steadily risen within the past 30 years. It is important to note, during this 1980s crime rates peaked and almost dou bled the rates previously recorded. Another significant thing to take into account is the age in which young female offenders were committing violent crimes. The Home office (2004) reported the peak offending age for girls was 15 compared to boys at 18. On average young women were committing violent crimes at a younger age than their male counterparts. Following on from the increased crime rates of the 80s, Schramm (1998) in September 1998 found percentage rates of 88% amongst females crime which involved assault. Additionally rises have been detected in the admission of females appearing before the youth court. In 1999 women made up 21% of all cases that appeared before a justice court, in comparison to a 4% increase detected in the year 2000. However the youth offending act (1984) is arguably an excuse to why increased crime levels have been detected. The implementation of stricter charging saw an increase in police charges, but this does not necessarily mean actual crime increase d. In contrast to the use of informal techniques used by the police the youth offending act practically called for higher levels of police charging. Additionally whilst Rutter et al (1998) suggests the number of arrests of girls for violent offences more than doubled and has increased by 250% in the last quarter of the century, we have to keep in to perspective the small amount of FYOs and when statistically handling small numerical numbers the slightest numerical increase results in a large percentage increase. From the statistics above it is easily identifiable, that female involvements with violent offences are becoming more prominent. It is significant this essay examined a historical context, as this gives a fundamental inkling into the basic numbers of females involvement with violent crimes. Leading on from this historical framework, the media will be the next aspect this essay will discuss. This is equally significant as analysing the role of the media and the moral panic that accompanies it, helps us conjure up further ideas to whether females are becoming more involved with violent and gang-related crime. The media holds a substantial role in influencing the publics opinions, thoughts and actions. Girl violence has become a very newsworthy and common topic in recent British newspapers. This is purely because of the offenders gender along with the way violent girls seem to challenge the common perceptions of nicely behaved girls and how they are supposed to act. This also links in with the double standard of mortality which will be discussed later. Newspapers usually use horrifying titles such as Ladette Britain: Violence among women soars as record 250 are arrested every day (Daily Mail 29/1/10) or Violence is just a fact of life say teenage girls, (Daily Telegraph, 7/10/00) to portray research findings. However in some cases, inaccurate and biased data is manipulated into sensational newspaper headlines. Titles such as one girl she was too scared to leave the house for fear of being attacked, was manipulated from the quote one girl told she was afraid to leave the house for fear of b eing sexually attacked (Batchelor 2001:58). An important thing to note would be newspaper headlines dont capture or represent the typical British female, furthermore it could be argued, that they only write on violent female youth crime because it generates a strong supply for an interesting thus newsworthy story. Arguably the primary concern with misrepresenting the reality of young womens lives is that it can contribute to unrealistic public attitudes, which in turn can create misdirected public policy and moral panics. Work conducted by Gelsthorpe and Sharpe (2006) state current perceptions of girls apparent violent behaviour can perhaps be seen as an indication of prevailing societal concerns about morality: girls purported violence is seen as a threat to social order, just as during the last century their sexuality was the primary focus of attention (56). In basic terms, they depict how violent behaviour in young women maybe a new phenomena to society thus being susceptible to moral panics. They later discuss how old concerns about girls status on binge drinking and high teen pregnancy rates relate to the moral panic of increased female violent offences. In the case of a moral panic, frequently government policy is implemented to prevent a potential problem from escalating. Following on from this, research produced by Chesney-Lind (2001) and Steffensmeier et al (2005) proposes that girls are being prosecuted more willingly for offences that may not have been prosecutable in the past. This harsher approach is debatably due to the moral panic aspect of the spectrum and how the government want to be seen as taking action against this social threat. This ultimately leads to a negative perception on young females as it shows them in a negative setting. As briefly mentioned above, the media and the double standard of morality theory are very much linked together. The way the media use misrepresented and stereotypical views of women as a tool for creating a good taboo story, as opposed to how females should conform to the ideas of womanhood. The double standard of morality theory also looks at differences between men and women and attempts to challenge why women are interpreted differently by criminal justice professionals. Discussing this is important due to the implication the theory still subconsciously has on todays criminal justice system. Additionally analysing the theory may help to offer an insight into the treatment of young women. This also inter-links with the media portrayals of young female offenders as both approaches impose the same views on them. The double standard of morality is the morality co-existent with chivalry imposes double-standards on men and women, in terms of this essay that is relevant to note that the theory condones the same behaviour in one sex (males) while punishing it in the other (females). Key theorists such as Kennedy and Carlen believe women get treated differently due to the perception and ideas regarding womanhood. Kennedy continues to explain; ideally women should conform to the appropriate ideas of womanhood. Carlen elaborates that female offenders are seen as other than real women, other than real criminals and other than real prisoners (1988:34). A key distinction made in the double standard of morality theory is the idea that society expects men to get into trouble, and that mens criminality is normal and inherently natural. Women on the other hand, in particular girls are seen as sick, mad, disturbed or deficient and in need of treatment because the behaviour does not equate with the idea of h ow a woman is supposed to behave. These women are said to be doubly damned and doubly deviant (Bottoms, 1996: 1). They are seen as mad not bad (Lloyd, 1995: 36). These behaviours frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. The theory is undoubtedly gender bias and doesnt seem to understand, changing social and economic conditions, environmental influences, cultural traditions and physiological factors must be taken into account when dealing with crime. It fails to acknowledge the myriad of complex interplays of cultural and biological factors that make people individuals. The way this impact on YFOs is by the treatment they receive from criminal justice professionals. In 1987 Hilary Allen argues mental health explanation (including PMS) for female criminality results in lighter punishments by the courts. However, Eileen Leonard five years previous challenges the chivalry factor pointing out how bad women are treated more harshly than some men. As we c an see the differential treatment women receive is a mixture between positive and negative, but this still has to be taken into account as it portrays the way young female offenders are viewed. Todays criminologists are looking more closely at female offenders than ever before. In concluding this essay and taking into account the argument presented throughout. We will evaluate the effects social history, the media and moral panics have on young female offenders and how this affects the way they are portrayed and treated. This essay will ultimately answer whether or not young females are becoming increasingly involved in violent and gang-related crime. Two books published in 1975 Fred Adlers sisters in crime: the rise of the new female criminal and Rita Simmons women in crime, led to a new view of gender and crime. Although both books looked an increase in violent female crimes they both reached different conclusions. Adler stressed the impact of the womens movement. She believed as the roles of women changed, their criminality will be more like that of men. She noted, When we did not permit women to swim at beaches, the female drowning rates were quite low. When women were not permitted to work as bankers the female embezzlement rate was low (Adler, 1975:31). In other words, there was an assumption that because women were confined to the private world with limited access to the public world, they lacked opportunity for crime. Additionally now that women of the current era have more freedom there is more scope for women to be categorised as criminals. In reading this essay it would be fair to assume, that moral panics play a huge role in generating public concern around young female offenders. The moral panic produced by the small increase in female offending patterns contributes to the increasing criminalisation of, and punitiveness towards, them. The small rise in violent female offending has little symbolic significance. Many academics have argued that youth is a social category which has the power to carry a deeper message about the state of society. The collective agonising about girls violence thus perhaps symbolises regrets about the changing social order in late modernity. Ultimately it can be answered according to available evidence including the Youth justice board there certainly is an increased number of convictions for girls and young women for violent offences. However it is not possible to directly attribute these to a real increase in actual offending in this area (for example, self-report data would not suggest an increase). However based on facts and statistics, it shouldnt be a huge public concern. Girls continue to commit fewer and less serious offences than boys and are less likely to reoffend. Young females are no more threatening to society than any other particular group of people but due to gender and the nature of the crime it gets reported on more frequently thus more open to public scrutiny and perception.